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	Title	Author(s)	Type		Year	Tags
Uncovering Household Carbon Footprint Drivers in an Aging, Shrinking Society In order to meet climate change mitigation goals, nations such as Japan need to consider strategies to reduce the impact that lifestyles have on overall emission levels. This study analyzes carbon footprints from household consumption (i.e., lifestyles) using index and structural decomposition analysis for the time period from 1990 to 2005. The analysis identified that households in their 40s and 50s had the highest levels of both direct and indirect CO2 emissions, with decomposition identifying consumption patterns as the driving force behind these emissions and advances in CO2 reduction technology having a reducing effect on lifestyle emissions. An additional challenge addressed by this study is the aging, shrinking population phenomenon in Japan. The increase in the number of few-member and elderly households places upward pressure on emissions as the aging population and declining national birth rate continues. The analysis results offer two mitigatory policy suggestions: the focusing of carbon reduction policies on older and smaller households, and the education of consumers toward low-carbon consumption habits. As the aging, shrinking population phenomenon is not unique to Japan, the findings of this research have broad applications globally where these demographic shifts are being experienced.	Uncovering Household Carbon Footprint Drivers in an Aging, Shrinking Society	Huang, Yuzhuo; Shigetomi, Yosuke; Chapman, Andrew; Matsumoto, Ken’ichi	Journal Article	academic	2019	Carbon Footprint (CF) Case Study Household National Time series
Analysis of urban metabolism and policy assessment : building a nested multiregional input-output model According with the projections of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), the limitation of global warming below 1.5 °C above pre-industrial level is strictly related to the reduction of GHG emissions. Nowadays, more than half of the world’s population lives in urban areas and cities contribute approximately to 75% of world’s GHG emissions. Considering that the share urban population is forecasted to reach 68% by 2050, cities will play a key role in the fight for climate change. Indeed, according to the International Energy Agency (IEA), urban areas account for up to two-thirds of the potential to cost-effectively reduce global carbon emissions. As a basis for action on climate change, cities should report their CO2 emissions in an effective and complete way. The traditional Production-Based Accounting should be integrated with the Consumption-Based Accounting to assess the “responsibility” of CO2 emissions. The policy-makers should be informed through precise and specific analysis highlighting the inter-sectoral connections arising inside and outside the city boundaries. The objective of this work is to develop a Nested Environmental-Extended Multiregional Input-Output (Nested EE-MRIO) model with three spatial levels, applied to Italy, Italian regions and the metropolitan area of Milan. The framework has been modeled through Exiobase 3 and Istat databases, applying traditional and modified methodologies of downscaling of data at regional and urban dimensions. The model estimates, according to a CBA logic, the Carbon Footprint and the carbon flows associated to 17 production sectors of Italy, of the Italian regions and of the metropolitan area of Milan, in order to analyze how these sectors interact with each other. The results show that the double scaling of data (from nation to region and then from region to city) gives a more realistic representation of the urban system than the one obtained by scaling directly national data to the urban dimension. The attributional analysis has been followed by a consequential analysis to give a first environmental and economic assessment of the green roofs policy that is included in the new Piano di Governo del Territorio (PGT) of Milan. In accordo con le proiezioni dell’Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), la limitazione del riscaldamento globale sotto 1.5 °C rispetto al livello preindustriale è strettamente collegata alla riduzione di emissioni di gas serra. Ad oggi più di metà della popolazione mondiale vive in zone urbane e le città contribuiscono circa al 75% delle emissioni di gas serra. Considerando che è previsto il raggiungimento del 68% di popolazione urbana entro il 2050, le città assumono un ruolo chiave nella lotta al cambiamento climatico. Infatti, in accordo con l’International Energy Agency (IEA), le aree urbane rappresentano due terzi del potenziale per ridurre efficientemente le emissioni globali di carbone in termini di costi. Alla base della lotta al cambiamento climatico, le città devono calcolare le loro emissioni di CO2 in modo efficace e completo. Il tradizionale Production-Based Accounting deve essere integrato con il Consumption-Based Accounting per valutare la “responsabilità” delle emissioni di CO2. I responsabili delle politiche devono essere informati tramite precise e specifiche analisi che sottolineino le connessioni intersettoriali all’interno e all’esterno dei confini cittadini. L’obiettivo di questo lavoro è lo sviluppo di un modello ambientale multiregionale Input-Output a tre livelli spaziali applicato all’Italia, alle sue regioni e all’area metropolitana di Milano. Il sistema è stato modellato a partire dai database Exiobase 3 e Istat, applicando metodologie tradizionali e revisionate di regionalizzazione e urbanizzazione dei dati. Il modello permette di calcolare, secondo una logica CBA, l’impronta di carbonio e i flussi di carbonio associati a 17 settori produttivi dell’economia italiana, regionale e dell’area metropolitana di Milano per analizzare come tali settori interagiscano l’uno con l’altro. I risultati ottenuti mostrano come il duplice scaling dei dati (da nazione a regione e da regione a città) dia una rappresentazione più realistica del sistema urbano rispetto a quella che si otterrebbe scalando i dati direttamente dalla dimensione nazionale a quella cittadina. In aggiunta all’analisi attributiva, è stato realizzata un’analisi consequenziale per una prima valutazione di impatto ambientale ed economico della politica sui tetti verdi contenuta nel nuovo Piano di Governo del Territorio di Milano (PGT).	Analysis of urban metabolism and policy assessment : building a ...	BRAMBILLA di CIVESIO, ALBERTO; BURATTI, DAVIDE	Thesis	theses	2019	Carbon Footprint (CF) Case Study Environmentally-Extended Input-Output Analysis (EE-IOA) Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Method Multi-Region Input-Output (MRIO) Analysis Multi-scale National Urban
An Urban Metabolism and Carbon Footprint Analysis of the Jing-Jin-Ji Regional Agglomeration Urban energy metabolism includes processes for exploiting, transforming, and consuming energy, as well as processes for recycling by-products and wastes. Embodied energy is the energy consumed during all of these activities, both directly and indirectly. Multiregional input-output (MRIO) analysis can calculate the energy consumption embodied in flows among sectors for multiple cities or regions. Our goal was to address a problem apparent in previous research, which was insufficient attention to indirect energy flows. We combined MRIO analysis with ecological network analysis to calculate the embodied energy consumption and the energy-related carbon footprints of five sectors in three regions that comprise the Jing-Jin-Ji agglomeration, using data from 2002 and 2007. Our analysis traced metabolic processes of sectors from the perspective of final consumption. Based on the embodied energy analysis, we quantified the indirect energy consumption implied in exchanges of sectors and its distribution and identified the relationships formed through the indirect consumption to analyze the roles of providers and receivers in the system. Results showed that the embodied energy consumption for the Jing-Jin-Ji region increased from 2002 to 2007 as a result of increased energy consumption in Tianjin and Hebei. Overall, consumption of Beijing decreased likely attributable to the fact that government policies relocated industries during this time in anticipation of the Olympic Games. The relationships among sectors changed: Beijing changed from a net exporter to an importer, whereas Hebei changed from a net importer of energy from Beijing to an exporter to Beijing, and Tianjin served as an importer in both years.	An Urban Metabolism and Carbon Footprint Analysis of the Jing-Jin-Ji ...	Zheng, Hongmei and Fath, Brian D. and Zhang, Yan	Journal Article	academic	2017	Carbon Footprint (CF) Case Study Ecological Network Analysis (ENA) Energy Multi-Region Input-Output (MRIO) Analysis Sub-national Time series Urban
Comprehensive evaluation on industrial & urban symbiosis by combining MFA, carbon footprint and emergy methods—Case of Kawasaki, Japan One proposed strategy to solve current environmental challenges is industrial and urban symbiosis (I/UrS); however, appropriate evaluation methods are needed so that the potential benefits of I/UrS can be quantified. Several evaluation methods have been applied separately to study I/UrS, but no integrated studies have been conducted by applying different methods in the same case study area. Therefore, this study aimed to establish a comprehensive framework to evaluate I/UrS by combining the material flow analysis (MFA), carbon footprint (CF) and emergy methods. First, we developed a unified database and step-by-step process to clarify the waste distribution and recycling processes in an industrial city. Then a baseline scenario and an I/UrS scenario were set up to define the baselines and effects of I/UrS and compare the results. Finally, the three methods were applied to identify physical features in the I/UrS system. The MFA-based results showed that the use of I/UrS led to a 6.4% reduction in the physical value of material use. The CF-based results indicated that reduction of waste and by-products results in a 13.8% reduction in CO2e emissions. The emergy-based results showed that, with the implementation of I/UrS, the value of the emergy sustainability index (excluding labor and services) improved greatly (a 49.2% emergy reduction) as compared with the baseline case (a 14.3% reduction). In addition, the effects of implementing I/UrS by waste and by-product exchanges for blast furnace slag, scrap steel, waste paper, and waste plastic were evaluated. Whereas the CF reductions of unit ton of blast furnace slag is relatively low, emergy reductions of that is comparatively high. If policymakers only consider CF results when addressing the issue of climate change, the effects on emergy will be underestimated in this case. We conclude that the main actors in this area release huge emissions, but they also have a high potential to reduce their environmental loads. In addition, with appropriate designs, waste paper and plastics recycling could be highly efficient. Finally, the integration of the three evaluation methods should contribute to creating a low carbon and more resource independent society.	Comprehensive evaluation on industrial & urban symbiosis by combining MFA, ...	Satoshi Ohnishi and Huijuan Dong and Yong Geng and Minoru Fujii and Tsuyoshi Fujita	Journal Article	academic	2017	Carbon Footprint (CF) Carbon dioxide (CO2) Case Study Emergy Analysis Industrial Symbiosis Japan Kawasaki Material Flow Analysis (MFA) Metals Research and Analysis Urban
The Concept of City Carbon Maps: A Case Study of Melbourne, Australia Cities are thought to be associated with most of humanity's consumption of natural resources and impacts on the environment. Cities not only constitute major centers of economic activity, knowledge, innovation, and governance—they are also said to be linked to approximately 70% to 80% of global carbon dioxide emissions. This makes cities primary agents of change in a resource- and carbon-constraint world. In order to set meaningful targets, design successful policies, and implement effective mitigation strategies, it is important that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions accounting for cities is accurate, comparable, comprehensive, and complete. Despite recent developments in the standardization of city GHG accounting, there is still a lack of consistent guidelines regarding out-of-boundary emissions, thus hampering efforts to identify mitigation priorities and responsibilities. We introduce a new conceptual framework—based on environmental input-output analysis—that allows for a consistent and complete reconciliation of direct and indirect GHG emissions from a city. The 'city carbon map' shows local, regional, national, and global origins and destinations of flows of embodied emissions. We test the carbon map concept by applying it to the greater metropolitan area of Melbourne, Australia. We discuss the results and limitations of the approach in the light of possible mitigation strategies and policies by different urban stakeholders.	The Concept of City Carbon Maps: A Case Study of ...	Wiedmann, Thomas O. and Chen, Guangwu and Barrett, John	Journal Article	academic	2016	Carbon Footprint (CF) Case Study Environmentally-Extended Input-Output Analysis (EE-IOA) Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Review Paper Single point in time UM review paper import Urban
Urban carbon transformations: unravelling spatial and inter-sectoral linkages for key city industries based on multi-region input-output analysis With around 80% of global greenhouse gas emissions directly or indirectly attributed to cities, attempts to mitigate climate change impacts must seriously consider urban carbon transformations. Two challenges are currently constraining urban planning decisions around decarbonisation. Firstly, a lack of detailed knowledge about city-induced emissions occurring outside of the city boundary hampers the design of mitigation strategies that involves the city's ‘hinterland'. Secondly, the complexity of interconnections between industries and regions located upstream or downstream the supply chain of urban economic activity makes it difficult to implement specific, effective and efficient decarbonisation policies. In this study, a multi-scale, multi-region input-output model with nested regions at city, state, nation and world level is employed to study the carbon footprints and the inter-sectoral linkages in terms of embodied carbon emissions of the two largest metropolitan areas of Australia, Melbourne and Sydney. The results show that imported emissions make up more than 50% of the city carbon footprints, with most of them attributable to goods (excluding food) and services (excluding electricity). This highlights the importance of promoting mitigation measures both within and outside of the city. The energy, mining and agriculture sectors - usually located outside of city boundaries - all have significant carbon linkage multipliers associated with city demand, indicating the need of pursuing carbon mitigation measures in these sectors. The linkage analysis pinpoints to crucial sectors that need to be targeted in future investments towards urban decarbonisation to minimise emissions and to maximise positive economic effects for urban and regional economies. The study also provides an improved understanding of the differences and similarities between Australia's two main cities. It is envisaged that this type of analysis will become increasingly relevant to other cities as the spatial resolution of multi-region input-output databases continues to improve.	Urban carbon transformations: unravelling spatial and inter-sectoral linkages for key ...	Guangwu Chen and Michalis Hadjikakou and Thomas Wiedmann	Journal Article	academic	2016	Carbon Carbon Footprint (CF) Case Study Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Multi-Region Input-Output (MRIO) Analysis Research and Analysis UM review paper import Urban hybrid
Transnational city carbon footprint networks - Exploring carbon links between Australian and Chinese cities Cities are leading actions against climate change through global networks. More than 360 global cities announced during the 2015 Paris Climate Conference that the collective impact of their commitments will deliver over half of the world's urban greenhouse gas emissions reductions by 2020. Previous studies on multi-city carbon footprint networks using sub-national, multi-region input-output (MRIO) modelling have identified additional opportunities for addressing the negative impacts of climate change through joint actions between cities within a country. However, similar links between city carbon footprints have not yet been studied across countries. In this study we focus on inter-city and inter-country carbon flows between two trading partners in a first attempt to address this gap. We construct a multi-scale, global MRIO model to describe a transnational city carbon footprint network among five Chinese megacities and the five largest Australian capital cities. First, we quantify city carbon footprints by sectors and regions. Based on the carbon map concept we show how local emissions reductions influence other regions' carbon footprints. We then present a city emissions 'outsourcing hierarchy' based on the balance of emissions embodied in intercity and international trade. The differences between cities and their position in the hierarchy emphasize the need for a bespoke treatment of their responsibilities towards climate change mitigation. Finally, we evaluate and discuss the potentially significant benefits of harmonising and aligning China's carbon trading schemes with Australia's cap and trade policy.	Transnational city carbon footprint networks - Exploring carbon links between ...	Guangwu Chen and Thomas Wiedmann and Yafei Wang and Michalis Hadjikakou	Journal Article	academic	2016	Carbon Footprint (CF) Carbon dioxide (CO2) Case Study Global Methane Multi-Region Input-Output (MRIO) Analysis Nitrous oxide Research and Analysis Single point in time UM review paper import Urban
City Carbon Footprint Networks Progressive cities worldwide have demonstrated political leadership by initiating meaningful strategies and actions to tackle climate change. However, the lack of knowledge concerning embodied greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of cities has hampered effective mitigation. We analyse trans-boundary GHG emission transfers between five Australian cities and their trading partners, with embodied emission flows broken down into major economic sectors. We examine intercity carbon footprint (CF) networks and disclose a hierarchy of responsibility for emissions between cities and regions. Allocations of emissions to households, businesses and government and the carbon efficiency of expenditure have been analysed to inform mitigation policies. Our findings indicate that final demand in the five largest cities in Australia accounts for more than half of the nation's CF. City households are responsible for about two thirds of the cities' CFs; the rest can be attributed to government and business consumption and investment. The city network flows highlight that over half of emissions embodied in imports (EEI) to the five cities occur overseas. However, a hierarchy of GHG emissions reveals that overseas regions also outsource emissions to Australian cities such as Perth. We finally discuss the implications of our findings on carbon neutrality, low-carbon city concepts and strategies and allocation of subnational GHG responsibility.	City Carbon Footprint Networks	Chen, Guangwu and Wiedmann, Thomas and Hadjikakou, Michalis and Rowley, Haze	Journal Article	academic	2016	Carbon Footprint (CF) Carbon dioxide (CO2) Case Study Methane Multi-Region Input-Output (MRIO) Analysis Nitrous oxide Research and Analysis Single point in time UM review paper import Urban Zotero2
Surveying the Environmental Footprint of Urban Food Consumption Assessments of urban metabolism (UM) are well situated to identify the scale, components, and direction of urban and energy flows in cities and have been instrumental in benchmarking and monitoring the key levers of urban environmental pressure, such as transport, space conditioning, and electricity. Hitherto, urban food consumption has garnered scant attention both in UM accounting (typically lumped with 'biomass') and on the urban policy agenda, despite its relevance to local and global environmental pressures. With future growth expected in urban population and wealth, an accounting of the environmental footprint from urban food demand ('foodprint') is necessary. This article reviews 43 UM assessments including 100 cities, and a total of 132 foodprints in terms of mass, carbon footprint, and ecological footprint and situates it relative to other significant environmental drivers (transport, energy, and so on) The foodprint was typically the third largest source of mass flows (average is 0.8 tonnes per capita per annum) and carbon footprint (average is 2.1 tonnes carbon dioxide equivalents per capita per annum) in the reviewed cities, whereas it was generally the largest driver of urban ecological footprints (average is 1.2 global hectares per capita per annum), with large deviations based on wealth, culture, and urban form. Meat and dairy are the primary drivers of both global warming and ecological footprint impacts, with little relationship between their consumption and city wealth. The foodprint is primarily linear in form, producing significant organic exhaust from the urban system that has a strong, positive correlation to wealth. Though much of the foodprint is embodied within imported foodstuffs, cities can still implement design and policy interventions, such as improved nutrient recycling and food waste avoidance, to redress the foodprint.	Surveying the Environmental Footprint of Urban Food Consumption	Goldstein, Benjamin and Birkved, Morten and Fernández, John and Hauschild, Michael	Journal Article	academic	2016	Carbon Footprint (CF) Case Study Comparison Ecological Footprint (EF) Food Material Flow Analysis (MFA) Review Paper Single point in time UM review paper import Urban Zotero2
Analysis of the energy metabolism of urban socioeconomic sectors and the associated carbon footprints: Model development and a case study for Beijing Cities consume 80% of the world׳s energy; therefore, analyzing urban energy metabolism and the resulting carbon footprint provides basic data for formulating target carbon emission reductions. While energy metabolism includes both direct and indirect consumptions among sectors, few researchers have studied indirect consumption due to a lack of data. In this study, we used input–output analysis to calculate the energy flows among directly linked sectors. Building on this, we used ecological network analysis to develop a model of urban energy flows and also account for energy consumption embodied by the flows among indirectly linked sectors (represented numerically as paths with a length of 2 or more). To illustrate the model, monetary input–output tables for Beijing from 2000 to 2010 were analyzed to determine the embodied energy consumption and associated carbon footprints of these sectors. This analysis reveals the environmental pressure based on the source (energy consumption) and sink (carbon footprint) values. Indirect consumption was Beijing׳s primary form, and the carbon footprint therefore resulted mainly from indirect consumption (both accounting for ca. 60% of the total, though with considerable variation among sectors). To reduce emissions, the utilization efficiency of indirect consumption must improve.	Analysis of the energy metabolism of urban socioeconomic sectors and ...	Zhang, Yan; Zheng, Hongmei; Fath, Brian D.	Journal Article	academic	2014	Carbon Footprint (CF) Case Study Ecological Network Analysis (ENA) Energy Energy Accounting Input-Output Analysis (IOA) Time series UM review paper import Urban
Consumption based footprint of a city Since a few years, there is a growing interest for consumption based indicators reflecting the environmental impacts generated by citizen final demand. Considering the complexity and the variety of environmental and intermediate flows in an urban territory, constructing life cycle inventory with classical bottom up approaches for data collection is not a pragmatic option for LCA practitioners. This study focuses on a consistent combination of local emission and activity data with Environmentally Extended Input Output Analysis (EEIOA), into a hybrid EEIO-LCA to assess the environmental impacts generated by the final demand of a city. A hybrid EEIO-LCA has been carried out to capture the footprint generated by a French city. To integrate the city specificities, regional input-output table is estimated from French input output table, using location quotients derived from local employment data. The obtained Leontief matrix is coupled with national environmental extensions and foreign trade data. This approach provides a comprehensive supplement to local sparse environmental data, mainly available for energy use and road transport. The priority was given to local available data and special care was taken to avoid double counting. This inventory is then aggregated into a combined footprint approach (carbon, water, biodiversity and resources) to reflect the environmental impacts generated by citizen’s consumption. As expected for a high density population territory, where consumed goods and services are broadly imported, indirect impacts represent a major contribution to the footprint of the city. The results suggest environmental footprint is highly sensitive to consumer choices and expenses allocations. The approach provides a promising solution to couple top down information with local available data, in order to get a full picture of the environmental pressures generated by a large city. Regionalizing economic tables enable to capture the specificities of local domestic businesses. A natural continuation would be to regionalize final demand with local expenses allocation features. The approach could be used as a screening assessment tool for decision makers, to target potential hotspots of improvement, in a sustainable perspective. The study also illustrates some lack of data availability to comprehensively account for the city impacts and could guide data collection, both from a local and a national level.	Consumption based footprint of a city	Sébastien Worbe, Aurélie Gallice, Anne Flesch, Fanny Tarrisse-Vicard, Séverine Mehier	Conference Paper	None	2013	Carbon Footprint (CF) Case Study Environmentally-Extended Input-Output Analysis (EE-IOA) Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) Material Flow Analysis (MFA) Urban Water hybrid
Carbon footprints of cities and other human settlements in the UK A growing body of literature discusses the CO2 emissions of cities. Still, little is known about emission patterns across density gradients from remote rural places to highly urbanized areas, the drivers behind those emission patterns and the global emissions triggered by consumption in human settlements—referred to here as the carbon footprint. In this letter we use a hybrid method for estimating the carbon footprints of cities and other human settlements in the UK explicitly linking global supply chains to local consumption activities and associated lifestyles. This analysis comprises all areas in the UK, whether rural or urban. We compare our consumption-based results with extended territorial CO2 emission estimates and analyse the driving forces that determine the carbon footprint of human settlements in the UK. Our results show that 90% of the human settlements in the UK are net importers of CO2 emissions. Consumption-based CO2 emissions are much more homogeneous than extended territorial emissions. Both the highest and lowest carbon footprints can be found in urban areas, but the carbon footprint is consistently higher relative to extended territorial CO2 emissions in urban as opposed to rural settlement types. The impact of high or low density living remains limited; instead, carbon footprints can be comparatively high or low across density gradients depending on the location-specific socio-demographic, infrastructural and geographic characteristics of the area under consideration. We show that the carbon footprint of cities and other human settlements in the UK is mainly determined by socio-economic rather than geographic and infrastructural drivers at the spatial aggregation of our analysis. It increases with growing income, education and car ownership as well as decreasing household size. Income is not more important than most other socio-economic determinants of the carbon footprint. Possibly, the relationship between lifestyles and infrastructure only impacts carbon footprints significantly at higher spatial granularity.	Carbon footprints of cities and other human settlements in the ...	Minx, Jan; Baiocchi, Giovanni; Wiedmann, Thomas; Barrett, John; Creutzig, Felix; Feng, Kuishuang; Förster, Michael; Pichler, Peter-Paul; Weisz, Helga; Hubacek, Klaus	Journal Article	academic	2013	Carbon Footprint (CF) Case Study Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Multi-Region Input-Output (MRIO) Analysis Rural UM review paper import Urban Zotero2
Implementing Trans-Boundary Infrastructure-Based Greenhouse Gas Accounting for Delhi, India Community‐wide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions accounting is confounded by the relatively small spatial size of cities compared to nations—due to which, energy use in essential infrastructures serving cities, such as commuter and airline transport, energy supply, water supply, wastewater infrastructures, and others, often occurs outside the boundaries of the cities using them. The trans‐boundary infrastructure supply chain footprint (TBIF) GHG emissions accounting method, tested in eight U.S. cities, incorporates supply chain aspects of these trans‐boundary infrastructures serving cities, and is akin to an expanded geographic GHG emissions inventory. This article shows the results from applying the TBIF method in the rapidly developing city of Delhi, India.The objectives of this research are to (1) describe the data availability for implementing the TBIF method within a rapidly industrializing country, using the case of Delhi, India; (2) identify methodological differences in implementation of the TBIF method between Indian versus U.S. cities; and (3) compare broad energy use metrics between Delhi and U.S. cities, demonstrated by Denver, Colorado, USA, whose energy use characteristics and TBIF GHG emissions have previously been shown to be similar to U.S. per capita averages.This article concludes that most data required to implement the TBIF method in Delhi are readily available, and the methodology could be translated from U.S. to Indian cities. Delhi's 2009 community‐wide GHG emissions totaled 40.3 million metric tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalents (t CO2‐eq), which are normalized to yield 2.3 t CO2‐eq per capita; nationally, India reports its average per capita GHG emissions at 1.5 t CO2‐eq. In‐boundary GHG emissions contributed to 68% of Delhi's total, where end use (including electricity) energy in residential buildings, commercial and industrial usage, and fuel used in surface transportation contributed 24%, 19%, and 21%, respectively. The remaining 4% of the in‐boundary GHG emissions were from waste disposal, water and wastewater treatment, and cattle. Trans‐boundary infrastructures were estimated to equal 32% of Delhi's TBIF GHG emissions, with 5% attributed to fuel processing, 3% to air travel, 10% to cement, and 14% to food production outside the city.	Implementing Trans-Boundary Infrastructure-Based Greenhouse Gas Accounting for Delhi, India	Abel Chavez, Anu Ramaswami, Dwarakanath Nath, Ravi Guru, and Emani Kumar	Journal Article	academic	2012	Carbon Footprint (CF) Case Study Greenhouse Gases (GHGs) Single point in time Trans-Boundary Infrastructure Supply Chain Footprint (TBIF) UM review paper import Urban
Twelve metropolitan carbon footprints: A preliminary comparative global assessment A dearth of available data on carbon emissions and comparative analysis between metropolitan areas make it difficult to confirm or refute best practices and policies. To help provide benchmarks and expand our understanding of urban centers and climate change, this article offers a preliminary comparison of the carbon footprints of 12 metropolitan areas. It does this by examining emissions related to vehicles, energy used in buildings, industry, agriculture, and waste. The carbon emissions from these sources—discussed here as the metro area's partial carbon footprint—provide a foundation for identifying the pricing, land use, help metropolitan areas throughout the world respond to climate change. The article begins by exploring a sample of the existing literature on urban morphology and climate change and explaining the methodology used to calculate each area's carbon footprint. The article then depicts the specific carbon footprints for Beijing, Jakarta, London, Los Angeles, Manila, Mexico City, New Delhi, New York, São Paulo, Seoul, Singapore, and Tokyo and compares these to respective national averages. It concludes by offering suggestions for how city planners and policymakers can reduce the carbon footprint of these and possibly other large urban areas.	Twelve metropolitan carbon footprints: A preliminary comparative global assessment	Sovacool, Benjamin K.; Brown, Marilyn A.	Journal Article	academic	2010	Carbon Carbon Footprint (CF) Case Study Comparison UM review paper import Urban
Greenhouse Gas Emission Footprints and Energy Use Benchmarks for Eight U.S. Cities A hybrid life cycle-based trans-boundary greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions footprint is elucidated at the city-scale and evaluated for 8 US cities. The method incorporates end-uses of energy within city boundaries, plus cross-boundary demand for airline/freight transport and embodied energy of four key urban materials [food, water, energy (fuels), and shelter (cement)], essential for life in all cities. These cross-boundary activities contributed 47% on average more than the in-boundary GHG contributions traditionally reported for cities, indicating significant truncation at city boundaries of GHG emissions associated with urban activities. Incorporating cross-boundary contributions created convergence in per capita GHG emissions from the city-scale (average 23.7 mt-CO2e/capita) to the national-scale (24.5 mt-CO2e/capita), suggesting that six key cross-boundary activities may suffice to yield a holistic GHG emission footprint for cities, with important policy ramifications. Average GHG contributions from various human activity sectors include buildings/facilities energy use (47.1%), regional surface transport (20.8%), food production (14.7%), transport fuel production (6.4%), airline transport (4.8%), long-distance freight trucking (2.8%), cement production (2.2%), and water/wastewater/waste processing (1.3%). Energy-, travel-, and key materials-consumption efficiency metrics are elucidated in these sectors; these consumption metrics are observed to be largely similar across the eight U.S. cities and consistent with national/regional averages.	Greenhouse Gas Emission Footprints and Energy Use Benchmarks for Eight ...	Hillman, Tim; Ramaswami, Anu	Journal Article	academic	2010	Carbon Footprint (CF) Case Study Energy UM review paper import Urban Zotero2

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